#5: The Black Death (14th Century)
A flea-borne plague tore through Eurasia, killing perhaps half of Europe. Yet devastation rewired society: labor shortages empowered workers, feudalism crumbled, and medicine stumbled toward science. Art turned introspective; faith lost its monopoly on fear. The catastrophe that emptied villages also fertilized the modern world.
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Sometimes, evolution doesn’t arrive politely—it crashes the door coughing.