#21: Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson – The Cosmic Microwave Background
Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson were radio astronomers working at Bell Labs in 1965. While testing a sensitive antenna, they detected a constant low-level signal coming from every direction in space. After ruling out local interference, they realized they had found cosmic microwave background radiation. This discovery supported the Big Bang theory and changed how scientists understand the origin of the universe. Their work later earned them the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physics.

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